{"id":15207,"date":"2020-11-01T20:10:16","date_gmt":"2020-11-01T16:40:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vacuumpumps.ir\/?p=15207"},"modified":"2025-05-16T20:14:05","modified_gmt":"2025-05-16T15:44:05","slug":"what-is-vacuum-mass-spectrometry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/asiavacuumpumps.com\/asia\/what-is-vacuum-mass-spectrometry\/","title":{"rendered":"WHAT IS VACUUM MASS SPECTROMETRY?"},"content":{"rendered":"

WHAT IS VACUUM MASS SPECTROMETRY?<\/p>\n

WHAT IS MASS SPECTROMETRY?<\/h2>\n

Mass spectrometry \u2013 an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions and, in forensic science, one of the best ways for toxicologists to identify and analyse substances.<\/p>\n

In the forensic community, it\u2019s heralded as the \u201cgold standard\u201d and the \u201cnear universal test\u201d for isolating and assessing unknown agents. As a result, its widest application is in the analysis of drugs (including drug metabolites and drug paraphernalia).<\/p>\n

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THE HISTORY OF MASS SPECTROMETRY IN DRUGS AND TOXICOLOGY<\/h2>\n

Though mass spectrometers have been around for more than five decades, they remain the go-to for forensic analysis of drugs. According to the Office of Justice, drug identification remains the most frequently submitted evidence request to forensic laboratories, and mass spectrometers play a defining role in the process.<\/p>\n

However, while mass spectrometers are widely used now, they have evolved considerably since their conception. In fact, it wasn\u2019t until the 1950s and onwards that they really came into their own.<\/p>\n

In the mid-1940s, mass spectrometers were far too big, expensive and difficult to operate. Some were customised to the extent operators had no idea how to use them and to make matters worse, some came with no guidance (manuals or instructions) whatsoever, making interpreting results difficult!<\/p>\n

It wasn\u2019t until the mid-1950s that some of these problems were resolved. In the 1950s, John H. Beynon and Fred W. McLafferty contributed to the launch of \u201corganic mass spectrometry\u201d, giving more guidance to users of the devices. Then in 1959 and onwards, Klaus Biemann and Carl Djerassi\u2019s groups helped extend the capabilities of mass spectrometers, enabling them to analyse natural products and botanical extracts (including alkaloids, cannabis and cocaine).<\/p>\n

Then, in 1968 R. J. Martin and T. G. Alexander utilised high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and \u201ccracking patterns\u201d to help identify the hallucinogen dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in a casework sample. Analysing this problem would\u2019ve required a major research project a few years ago \u2013 instead, it became a simple exercise problem.<\/p>\n

By 1971, toxicologists and scientists were solving hundreds of overdose cases using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and computer-assisted database searching. A group at the National Institute of Health had utilised this method \u2013 including analyses of blood serum and stomach contents \u2013 to rapidly scale the process.<\/p>\n

A few years later (1973), a Swedish team developed a GC-MS assay for tetrahydrocannabinol in human blood that was sensitive enough to detect if someone had smoked \u201cone half-billionth of a gram\u201d. Mass spectrometry was evolving at an incredible rate.<\/p>\n

Shortly after, in 1977, mass spectrometry data from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was admitted as evidence in a case involving the detection of a pesticide in animal tissues. The following year a judge ruled to allow mass spectrometry test results as evidence in a capital murder case.<\/p>\n

Fast-forward to today and mass spectrometry is widely regarded as the best available technology for the analysis of unknown agents \u2013 and dozens (between the 1940s and late 1970s) have contributed to the development of the technology \u2013 some of whom are not included in this blog.<\/p>\n

THE HISTORY OF MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ARSON, GUNSHOT RESIDUE AND EXPLOSIVES<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • Arson<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    As well as drug identification, mass spectrometry is also used in cases where arson, gunshot residue and explosives are involved.<\/p>\n

    In 1959, Joseph Nicol \u2013 a firearms technician at the Chicago police crime lab \u2013 suggested that crime labs at large universities or oil companies could use the GC-MS tests for high-priority arson cases.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Gunshot residue (GSR) and explosives<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      The first tests used to determine whether or not someone had fired a gun by GSR was the \u201cparaffin test\u201d. This test involved pouring hot paraffin wax over a suspect\u2019s hand and conducting a colour test on the cooled wax.<\/p>\n

      Needless to say, the test was both painful and unreliable, so alternative approaches \u2013 enter mass spectrometry \u2013 were developed, including neutron activation analysis (NAA), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFA AS), GC-MS, inductively coupled plasma-MS (ICP-MS), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS, and DESI MS\/MS.<\/p>\n

      In the 1980s, GC-MS was acceptable to use in GSR cases, but the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) developed a standard in 1994 that recommended scanning electron microscopy\/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) to determine the presence of lead, antimony and barium in the appropriate morphological particles. SEM-EDS remains the main choice for GSR.<\/p>\n

      To learn more about how vacuum technology is utilised in various fields such as medical equipment, transportation and space research, check out our guide to Vacuum Applications.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      HOW MASS SPECTROMETRY IS USED FOR TRACE, FIBRES AND HAIR<\/h2>\n

      The earliest applications of mass spectrometry in the analysis of trace, fibres and hair was limited in that it could only detect trace-level impurities. Due to the low concentration of inorganic elements in human hair, only the most abundant elements could be studied.<\/p>\n

      However, from the 1950s through the early 60s, spectroscopic methods like flame atomic absorption (FAA) enabled the detection of abundant metals like iron, copper and even mercury and lead in cases of poisoning.<\/p>\n

      Ion microprobe mass spectrometry (IMSS), was found to be the next reliable approach, but its application to human hair ultimately failed to meet the criteria of the time because 1) it had not acquired acceptance in the scientific community and 2) the results were not sufficiently reliable or accurate.<\/p>\n

      Next came the introduction of pyrolysis mass spectrometry (Py-MS). Pyrolysis-GC-MS (Pyr-GC-MS) was introduced to the forensic community by Saferstein et al. and Hughes et al. in their 1977 studies on man-made fibres and polymers. In fact, Pyr-GC-MS is still commonly used in today\u2019s trace labs to study fibres and polymers \u2013 testament to its accuracy and efficacy.<\/p>\n

      THE FUTURE OF MASS SPECTROMETRY<\/h2>\n

      Mass spectrometry has a rich and interesting history \u2013 particularly in the legal\/forensics community where it has been able to provide some of the most reliable evidence in cases. Mass spectrometry has evolved considerably over the years and will no doubt continue to advance.<\/p>\n

      The trend today is to offer standardised procedures and solutions in instruments that deliver robust results. The operators of the mass spectrometers then do not require a scientific education but deliver data that cannot be interpreted differently in legal courses.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      WHAT IS VACUUM MASS SPECTROMETRY? WHAT IS MASS SPECTROMETRY? Mass spectrometry \u2013 an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions and, in forensic science, one of the best ways for toxicologists to identify and analyse substances. In the forensic community, it\u2019s heralded as the \u201cgold standard\u201d and the \u201cnear universal test\u201d for isolating […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":22641,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15207","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-2","wpbf-post"],"yoast_head":"\r\nWHAT IS VACUUM MASS SPECTROMETRY? - \u067e\u0645\u067e \u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0622\u0628\u06cc<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"WHAT IS VACUUM MASS SPECTROMETRY? 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